點疾病，亮起眼睛裡的位置
Tap a disease to light its place
金＝目前選中的結構。也可直接點圖。
Gold = the structure in play. The diagram is clickable too.
疾病，以及現在怎麼治。
Disease, and what we do now.
點疾病卡片會：展開治療、在解剖圖亮起位置、切換「看起來像什麼」模擬。也可勾症狀做配對。地區核准進度不同，必須由眼科醫生評估。
Mechanisms, standard care, and late-stage or newly approved directions as of 2025–2026. Approvals differ by region — an ophthalmologist has to individualise this.
教育資料，不是處方。出現突然視力下降、閃光、黑幕、劇痛或單眼紅腫，請即求醫。
Education, not a prescription. Sudden vision loss, flashes, a curtain, severe pain or a red swollen eye need urgent care.
模擬：正常視力
症狀配對（非診斷）
Symptom match (not a diagnosis)
勾選症狀，卡片與模擬會跟著跳。
近視
Myopia
EAST ASIA眼球過長，影像落在視網膜前方。東亞學童發病率極高。高度近視會拉扯視網膜、增加黃斑劈裂與脫離風險。
The globe is too long, so the image falls in front of the retina. Extremely common in East Asian children. High myopia stretches the retina and raises detachment risk.
現行治療Standard care
光學矯正（眼鏡、隱形眼鏡）；控制進度：低濃度阿托品、角膜塑型（OK 鏡）、離焦鏡片、每日戶外活動兩小時以上。
Glasses or contacts; progression control with low-dose atropine, orthokeratology, defocus lenses, and 2+ hours outdoors daily.
新方向Emerging鞏膜交叉連結與後鞏膜加固仍屬研究；重點仍是兒童時期減慢眼軸增長，而不是成年後「根治」。激光矯視改變角膜屈光，不縮短已拉長的眼球。
Scleral crosslinking remains investigational. The goal is slowing axial growth in childhood. Laser vision correction reshapes the cornea — it does not shorten an elongated eye.
乾眼症
Dry eye
COMMON淚液量不足或蒸發過快（多與瞼板腺功能障礙有關）。螢幕、空調、隱形眼鏡、自體免疫都會加重。
Too little tear volume or too much evaporation (often meibomian gland dysfunction). Screens, air-con, contact lenses and autoimmunity worsen it.
現行治療Standard care
人工淚液、熱敷與瞼緣清潔、Omega-3、環孢素或 lifitegrast 滴劑、淚點塞、強脈衝光（IPL）。
Artificial tears, warm compresses and lid hygiene, omega-3, cyclosporine or lifitegrast drops, punctal plugs, intense pulsed light (IPL).
新方向Emerging針對炎症與神經感覺的新滴劑、瞼板腺脈動熱療儀器；嚴重者可考慮血清製劑或自體血清眼藥水（需專科）。
New anti-inflammatory and neurosensory drops, thermal pulsation devices, and specialist-only serum tears for severe disease.
白內障
Cataract
SURGERY晶狀體蛋白質混濁，是全球可逆失明的主因。眩光、夜間駕駛困難、顏色變暗是典型症狀。
Clouding of the lens proteins — the leading cause of reversible blindness. Glare, night-driving trouble, and faded colour are typical.
現行治療Standard care
超音波乳化吸出術加人工晶體。可選單焦、散光矯正、或多焦／延焦點晶體。日間小手術，復原快。
Phacoemulsification plus an intraocular lens: monofocal, toric, multifocal or extended-depth-of-focus. Usually day surgery.
新方向Emerging飛秒激光輔助、可調節晶體、光可調晶體（術後用紫外線微調度數）。藥物「溶核」仍未取代手術。
Femtosecond laser assist, accommodating lenses, and light-adjustable lenses tuned after surgery. Drug ‘dissolving’ of cataracts has not replaced surgery.
青光眼
Glaucoma
SILENT視神經進行性損害，常與眼壓相關，早期沒有痛覺。周邊視野先丟，中央視力可維持到很後期——所以叫「視力小偷」。
Progressive optic-nerve damage, often pressure-related, painless early on. Peripheral field goes first — the ‘silent thief of sight’.
現行治療Standard care
降眼壓滴劑、選擇性激光小樑成形術（SLT）、微創青光眼手術（MIGS）、小樑切除或引流管。急性閉角型是急症。
Pressure-lowering drops, selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT), MIGS, trabeculectomy or tubes. Acute angle closure is an emergency.
新方向Emerging神經保護（睫狀神經營養因子植入物在早期試驗顯示視神經纖維層變化）、持續釋放藥物植入、基因與細胞治療仍在臨床試驗，不能當作常規。
Neuroprotection (CNTF implants in early trials), sustained-release implants, and gene/cell therapy remain experimental — not routine care.
年齡相關黃斑病變
AMD
2026 PIPELINE黃斑區感光細胞與色素上皮退化。乾性可進展為地圖狀萎縮；濕性則有脈絡膜新生血管，視力可在數周內急跌。
Degeneration of photoreceptors and RPE at the macula. Dry AMD may become geographic atrophy; wet AMD grows new vessels and can drop vision in weeks.
現行治療Standard care
濕性：玻璃體內抗 VEGF（ranibizumab、aflibercept、faricimab 等）。乾性晚期地圖狀萎縮：補體抑制劑（如 pegcetacoplan、avacincaptad pegol，視地區核准）。AREDS2 配方補充劑用於中期乾性。
Wet: intravitreal anti-VEGF (ranibizumab, aflibercept, faricimab). Late dry / GA: complement inhibitors where approved. AREDS2 supplements for intermediate dry AMD.
新方向Emerging一次注射、多年有效的基因治療（RGX-314、ixo-vec、4D-150）第三期數據將於 2026–2027 陸續讀出。Axpaxli（axitinib 水凝膠）SOL-1 在 2026 年初達到主要終點。OCU410 基因治療於地圖狀萎縮第二期顯示病變生長減慢。幹細胞來源 RPE 移植早期試驗出現視力字母數增加。
One-and-done gene therapies (RGX-314, ixo-vec, 4D-150) have Phase 3 readouts in 2026–2027. Axpaxli (axitinib hydrogel) met SOL-1 in early 2026. OCU410 slowed GA growth in Phase 2. Early RPE stem-cell grafts have shown letter gains.
糖尿病視網膜病變
Diabetic retinopathy
SYSTEMIC長期高血糖傷害視網膜微血管，可致黃斑水腫、新生血管、玻璃體出血。控糖、控壓、控脂與定期散瞳檢查是第一線。
Chronic high glucose damages retinal capillaries — macular oedema, new vessels, vitreous haemorrhage. Sugar, blood pressure, lipids, and regular dilated exams come first.
現行治療Standard care
抗 VEGF、類固醇植入、全視網膜激光、玻璃體切除。遠距視網膜篩查已在多地公營系統使用。
Anti-VEGF, steroid implants, panretinal laser, vitrectomy. Tele-retinal screening is now routine in many public systems.
新方向Emerging雙靶點（VEGF + Ang-2）已上市；針對 IL-6、Wnt 路徑的多靶點藥物在後期。基因治療減少注射次數的試驗亦涵蓋糖尿病黃斑水腫。
Dual VEGF/Ang-2 agents are already in clinic; IL-6 and Wnt multi-target drugs are late stage. Gene therapy to cut injection burden is also in DME trials.
圓錐角膜
Keratoconus
CORNEA角膜變薄前突，造成不規則散光。揉眼、過敏、家族史是危險因素。年輕人進展較快。
The cornea thins and bulges, causing irregular astigmatism. Eye rubbing, allergy and family history raise risk. Progresses faster in the young.
現行治療Standard care
停揉眼、硬性透氣或鞏膜鏡、角膜交聯（CXL）阻止惡化、角膜環、嚴重者角膜移植。
Stop rubbing, rigid or scleral lenses, corneal crosslinking (CXL) to halt progression, intracorneal rings, transplant if advanced.
新方向Emerging上皮保留交聯、生物力學導向的個性化 CXL、以及針對 TGFBI 角膜營養不良的體內 CRISPR（GEB-101 於 2026 年獲 IND，進入 CLARITY 試驗）。
Epithelium-on CXL, biomechanics-guided protocols, and in-vivo CRISPR for TGFBI corneal dystrophy (GEB-101 IND in 2026, CLARITY trial).
遺傳性視網膜病變
Inherited retinal disease
GENE包括視網膜色素變性、Stargardt、Leber 先天性黑矇等。基因檢測決定能否用基因補充或編輯。
Includes retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt, Leber congenital amaurosis. Genotyping decides whether gene replacement or editing is even possible.
現行治療Standard care
voretigene neparvovec（Luxturna）用於雙等位 RPE65 變異。低視能輔具、避強光、遺傳輔導。
Voretigene neparvovec (Luxturna) for biallelic RPE65. Low-vision aids, light protection, genetic counselling.
新方向Emerging光遺傳學（不限突變類型，配合增光眼鏡）、OPGx-BEST1 早期視力字母改善、PDE6b 與 X 連鎖 RP 載體。Encelto（CNTF 細胞植入）已獲 FDA 批准用於黃斑毛細血管擴張症第二型。
Mutation-agnostic optogenetics with light-amplifying goggles; early OPGx-BEST1 letter gains; PDE6b and X-linked RP vectors. Encelto (CNTF cell implant) is FDA-approved for MacTel type 2.